Charisma affects your success to persuade in dialogue and bartering. Endurance affects how long your health bar is and how quickly AP (Action Points) drain while you sprint. Perception affects weapon accuracy in the V.A.T.S, or the Vault-Tec Assisted Targeting System you can use to slow down time and make your player shoot specific parts of an enemy. Strength affects how much you can carry and the damage of your melee attacks. Here's a quick rundown what basic perks each attribute offers:
These are: Strength, Perception, Endurance, Charisma, Intelligence, Agility, and Luck. You begin with 21 stat points and you can distribute them across seven main attributes, each with their own basic perks. At the very beginning of the game, you need to set up your your character.